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Barium stars, galactic populations and evolution.
In this paper HIPPARCOS astrometric and kinematical data together withradial velocities from other sources are used to calibrate bothluminosity and kinematics parameters of Ba stars and to classify them.We confirm the results of our previous paper (where we used data fromthe HIPPARCOS Input Catalogue), and show that Ba stars are aninhomogeneous group. Five distinct classes have been found i.e. somehalo stars and four groups belonging to disk population: roughlysuper-giants, two groups of giants (one on the giant branch, the otherat the clump location) and dwarfs, with a few subgiants mixed with them.The confirmed or suspected duplicity, the variability and the range ofknown orbital periods found in each group give coherent resultssupporting the scenario for Ba stars that are not too highly massivebinary stars in any evolutionary stages but that all were previouslyenriched with Ba from a more evolved companion. The presence in thesample of a certain number of ``false'' Ba stars is confirmed. Theestimates of age and mass are compatible with models for stars with astrong Ba anomaly. The mild Ba stars with an estimated mass higher than3Msun_ may be either stars Ba enriched by themselves or``true'' Ba stars, which imposes new constraints on models.
| Absolute magnitudes and kinematics of barium stars.
The absolute magnitude of barium stars has been obtained fromkinematical data using a new algorithm based on the maximum-likelihoodprinciple. The method allows to separate a sample into groupscharacterized by different mean absolute magnitudes, kinematics andz-scale heights. It also takes into account, simultaneously, thecensorship in the sample and the errors on the observables. The methodhas been applied to a sample of 318 barium stars. Four groups have beendetected. Three of them show a kinematical behaviour corresponding todisk population stars. The fourth group contains stars with halokinematics. The luminosities of the disk population groups spread alarge range. The intrinsically brightest one (M_v_=-1.5mag,σ_M_=0.5mag) seems to be an inhomogeneous group containing bariumbinaries as well as AGB single stars. The most numerous group (about 150stars) has a mean absolute magnitude corresponding to stars in the redgiant branch (M_v_=0.9mag, σ_M_=0.8mag). The third group containsbarium dwarfs, the obtained mean absolute magnitude is characteristic ofstars on the main sequence or on the subgiant branch (M_v_=3.3mag,σ_M_=0.5mag). The obtained mean luminosities as well as thekinematical results are compatible with an evolutionary link betweenbarium dwarfs and classical barium giants. The highly luminous group isnot linked with these last two groups. More high-resolutionspectroscopic data will be necessary in order to better discriminatebetween barium and non-barium stars.
| Taxonomy of barium stars
Spectral classification, barium intensity, radial velocity, luminosity,and kinematical properties are determined for 389 barium stars byanalyzing image-tube spectra and photometric observation data. Diskkinematics for the stars are based on whether they are Ba weak or Bastrong. Weak barium stars in general have smaller velocity dispersions,brighter apparent magnitude, and lower luminosity than strong bariumstars. These characteristics are confirmed by solving for meanspectroscopic distances, z-scale height distances, and reduced propermotions.
| Kinematic and spatial distributions of barium stars - Are the barium stars and AM stars related?
The possibility of an evolutionary link between Am stars and bariumstars is considered, and an examination of previous data suggests thatbarium star precursors are main-sequence stars of intermediate mass, aremost likely A and/or F dwarfs, and are intermediate-mass binaries withclose to intermediate orbital separations. The possible role of masstransfer in the later development of Am systems is explored. Masstransfer and loss from systems with a range of masses and orbitalseparations may explain such statistical peculiarities of barium starsas the large dispersion in absolute magnitude, the large range ofelemental abundances from star to star, and the small number of starswith large peculiar velocities.
| Intermediate-infrared excesses of barium stars
Some barium stars show large excesses at 10 microns. These excessesappear unrelated to other atmospheric broadband characteristics, and arestrongly indicative of circumstellar dust. This supports theories thatprevious mass transfer in an evolved binary system may be responsiblefor their spectral peculiarities. Spectral energy distributions ofbarium stars indicate that other broadband peculiarities are likely asfollows: strong deficiencies exist in the regions of the B and Ifilters, while weak excesses appear in the H and M spectral regions.These peculiarities appear to correlate with the barium intensity.Energy exceses are insufficient to balance deficiencies unless either(1) the V band itself represents an excess, or (2) there are additionalexcesses at shorter wavelengths. The precise atmospheric phenomenonleading to such deviation from a blackbody spectral distribution isunknown.
| HD 41596 and HD 36650 - Investigations of weak lambda 4077 in two marginal barium stars
HD 41596 and HD 36650 are two faint, Southern-Hemisphere marginal Ba IIstars that are reported in the Michigan Spectral Catalogue to haveunusually weak Sr II 4077-A line strengths compared to the Ba II 4554-Aline. An analysis of higher resolution spectra confirms theclassification for HD 41596, but the case for HD 36650 is not strong.Although an abundance determination is not practical with the material,the line-strength ratio of these two ground-state doublets indicates abarium to strontium abundance ratio greater than unity. This could beproduced by the s-process mechanism in a single, large neutron exposurebut not by an exponential distribution of exposures.
| A catalog of spectral classification and photometry of barium stars
Many other Ba II stars have been found, since the enhancement of theline of singly ionized barium (4554 A) in late-type, high-luminositystars was discovered by Bidelman and Keenan (1951). The majority ofstars so identified are listed in a study conducted by MacConnell et al.(1972). MacConnell et al. identified 150 'certain' barium stars and anadditional 90 'marginal' barium stars from inspection of objective-prismplates of the Michigan Spectral Survey of the southern sky. Since themajority of known Ba II stars were discovered with objective-prismplates, they have lacked high-quality spectral classifications. It hasbeen attempted to obtain these data along with broad- andintermediate-band photometry, in order to study the properties of thissubgroup of stars in greater detail than has heretofore been possible.Except for the stars recently identified by Bidelman (1981), the list ofspectroscopic and photometric data in Table 1 includes virtually allrecognized barium stars. The stars identified by Bidelman are listed inTable 2.
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| Сазвежђа: | Сликар |
| Ректацензија: | 06h02m42.93s |
| Deклинација: | -56°56'34.5" |
| Apparent магнитуда: | 8.15 |
| Даљина: | 549.451 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | 7.4 |
| Proper motion Dec: | 26.2 |
| B-T magnitude: | 10.215 |
| V-T magnitude: | 8.321 |
Каталог и designations:
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