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2MASS observations of Be stars
A catalogue of almost all known Galactic Be stars in the 2MASS database(1185 in total) and in the MSX database (225 in total) is presented inthis paper. From the color color diagrams and spectral indexes, it isfound that the IR excesses for many samples are due to free free andfree bound emission from the ionized material around a Be star assuggested previously and that the mean spectral index derived for thesamples is 1.50 ± 0.34 between J to K bands and 1.14 ±0.42 between K to A bands, respectively. However, it is also found thatthere are eight Be stars that have large near infrared excess emissionwith spectral index values outside the range expected for free free andfree bound emission. This is likely attributed to circumstellar dustemission.
| On the evolutionary status of Be stars. I. Field Be stars near the Sun
A sample of 97 galactic field Be stars were studied by taking intoaccount the effects induced by the fast rotation on their fundamentalparameters. All program stars were observed in the BCDspectrophotometric system in order to minimize the perturbationsproduced by the circumstellar environment on the spectral photosphericsignatures. This is one of the first attempts at determining stellarmasses and ages by simultaneously using model atmospheres andevolutionary tracks, both calculated for rotating objects. The stellarages (τ) normalized to the respective inferred time that eachrotating star can spend in the main sequence phase (τ_MS) reveal amass-dependent trend. This trend shows that: a) there are Be starsspread over the whole interval 0 τ/τ_MS 1 of themain sequence evolutionary phase; b) the distribution of points in the(τ/τMS,M/Mȯ) diagram indicates thatin massive stars (M 12~Mȯ) the Be phenomenon ispresent at smaller τ/τ_MS age ratios than for less massive stars(M 12~Mȯ). This distribution can be due to: i)higher mass-loss rates in massive objets, which can act to reduce thesurface fast rotation; ii) circulation time scales to transport angularmomentum from the core to the surface, which are longer the lower thestellar mass.
| Effects of gravitational darkening on the determination of fundamental parameters in fast-rotating B-type stars
In this paper we develop a calculation code to account for the effectscarried by fast rotation on the observed spectra of early-type stars.Stars are assumed to be in rigid rotation, and the grid ofplane-parallel model atmospheres used to represent the gravitationaldarkening are calculated by means of a non-LTE approach. Attention ispaid to the relation between the apparent and parent non-rotatingcounterpart stellar fundamental parameters and apparent, and true V sini parameters as a function of the rotation rate Ω/Ω_c,stellar mass, and inclination angle. It is shown that omitting ofgravitational darkening in the analysis of chemical abundances of CNOelements can produce systematic overestimation or underestimation,depending on the lines used, rotational rate, and inclination angle. Theproximity of Be stars to the critical rotation is revised whilecorrecting not only the V sin i of 130 Be stars, but also theireffective temperature and gravity to account for stellar rotationallyinduced geometrical distortion and for the concomitant gravitationaldarkening effect. We concluded that the V sin i increase is accompaniedby an even higher value for the stellar equatorial critical velocity, sothat the most probable average rate of the angular velocity of Be starsattains Ω/Ωc ≃ 0.88.
| A new approach to IRAS observations of Be stars
The IRAS associations for 193 Be stars are identified in this paper.From the infrared colors, the IRAS low-resolution spectra (LRS) and thespectral types, some physical properties and environment of the samplesare discussed. It can be concluded that not only free-free emission orfree-bound emission from the circumstellar ionized gas can beresponsible for the large IR excesses of Be stars as suggestedpreviously, but also, for some Be stars, thermal radiation from thecircumstellar dust and/or nebula around the star can produce large IRexcess as well. It is also found that the far IR excess of Be starsincreases with wavelengths.
| Observations of Star-Forming Regions with the Midcourse Space Experiment
We have imaged seven nearby star-forming regions, the Rosette Nebula,the Orion Nebula, W3, the Pleiades, G300.2-16.8, S263, and G159.6-18.5,with the Spatial Infrared Imaging Telescope on the Midcourse SpaceExperiment (MSX) satellite at 18" resolution at 8.3, 12.1, 14.7, and21.3 μm. The large angular scale of the regions imaged (~7.2-50deg2) makes these data unique in terms of the combination ofsize and resolution. In addition to the star-forming regions, twocirrus-free fields (MSXBG 160 and MSXBG 161) and a field near the southGalactic pole (MSXBG 239) were also imaged. Point sources have beenextracted from each region, resulting in the identification over 500 newsources (i.e., no identified counterparts at other wavelengths), as wellas over 1300 with prior identifications. The extended emission from thestar-forming regions is described, and prominent structures areidentified, particularly in W3 and Orion. The Rosette Nebula isdiscussed in detail. The bulk of the mid-infrared emission is consistentwith that of photon-dominated regions, including the elephant trunkcomplex. The central clump, however, and a line of site toward thenorthern edge of the cavity show significantly redder colors than therest of the Rosette complex.
| Reprocessing the Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometric Data of spectroscopic binaries. II. Systems with a giant component
By reanalyzing the Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometric Data of a largesample of spectroscopic binaries containing a giant, we obtain a sampleof 29 systems fulfilling a carefully derived set of constraints andhence for which we can derive an accurate orbital solution. Of these,one is a double-lined spectroscopic binary and six were not listed inthe DMSA/O section of the catalogue. Using our solutions, we derive themasses of the components in these systems and statistically analyzethem. We also briefly discuss each system individually.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997) and on data collected with theSimbad database.
| Envelope Ejection: An Alternative Evolutionary Process for Some Early Case B Binaries
We discuss the evolution of binaries with moderately high masses (~10-30Msolar) and with periods of ~3-300 days, corresponding mostlyto early case B. These are usually thought to evolve either byreasonably conservative Roche lobe overflow, if the initial mass ratiois fairly mild, or else by highly nonconservative common-envelopeevolution, with spiral-in to short periods (hours, typically), if theinitial mass ratio is rather extreme. We discuss here a handful ofbinaries from part of this period range (~50-250 days), which appear tohave followed a different path: we argue that they must have lost alarge proportion of initial mass (~70%-80%) but without shortening theirperiods at all. We suggest that their behavior may be due to the factthat stars of such masses, when evolved also to rather large radii, arenot far from the Humphreys-Davidson limit, where single stars lose theirenvelopes spontaneously in P Cygni winds, and so have envelopes that areonly lightly bound to the core. These envelopes therefore may berelatively easily dissipated by the perturbing effect of a companion. Inaddition, some or all of the stars considered here may have been closeto the Cepheid instability strip when they filled their Roche lobes. Oneor the other, or both, of high luminosity and Cepheid instability, incombination with an appropriately close binary companion, may beimplicated.
| On the role of duplicity in the Be phenomenon. I. General considerations and the first attempt at a 3-D gas-dynamical modelling of gas outflow from hot and rapidly rotating OB stars in binaries
This paper begins a new series of studies devoted to a criticalre-examination of the role of duplicity for the Be phenomenon and forthe variability patterns observed for many Be stars. Based on bothdynamical and energy considerations and a numerical gas-dynamicalmodelling, a new hypothesis of the formation of Be envelopes inbinaries, via an outflow from a rapidly rotating B star in a detachedbinary, is outlined. It is shown that such an outflow is facilitated bythe presence of a companion to the B star and leads to the formation ofan envelope but not to any significant mass exchange between the binarycomponents.
| Variability of the Hα spectral line in the interacting binary AX Monocerotis
The interacting binary system AX Mon (K-giant + B(e)star) has been observed at the Tartu Observatory, Estonia, from 1985 to2000. In the present paper, mostly the behaviour of the hydrogenHα line from 1996 to 2000 is investigated. We have found that theHα profiles are variable on time scales from hours to years, withmain features appearing around the conjunctions of the stars (K-star infront). Those features include weakening of the main absorptioncomponent of the P Cygni like profile and appearance of additionalabsorption and/or emission components. Occasionally, the Hα lineas a whole shifts on the wavelength scale. All those effects seem tooccur much stronger at every second conjunction, which we propose tocall ``strong'' conjunctions. We propose that this variability is due toa gas cloud close to the Be star. This cloud is a region, where a streamof matter from the K-giant collides with the circumstellar gas from theBe-star. The mass transfer process seems to have become more unstablethan in 1960s. It is possible that a cyclic behaviour of the Hαline with a periodicity of about two orbital periods is present.
| The luminous B[e] binary AS 381
We present the results of optical and near-IR spectroscopic andbroadband multicolour photometric observations of the emission-line starAS 381. Its properties were found to be similar to those of Be starswith warm dust, a group of galactic objects recently defined by Sheikinaet al. (\cite{smc}). The spectrum of AS 381 indicates the presence ofboth a hot (early B-type) and a cool (K-type) star in the system. A highinterstellar reddening (AV ~ 7 mag) suggests that it islocated at a distance of ge 3 kpc, and the companions have luminositytypes II or higher. The emission-line profiles indicate that the systemis surrounded by a flattened circumstellar envelope, which is viewedclose to pole-on. The hot companion is found to be ~ 2 mag brighter inthe V-band and more massive ( ~ 20 Msun) than the cool one (~ 7 Msun). The strong line emission and position of thecompanions in the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram indicate that the systemis experiencing mass exchange. We suggest that AS 381 is the first B[e]supergiant binary discovered in the Milky Way.
| A Search for High-Velocity Be Stars
We present an analysis of the kinematics of Be stars based uponHipparcos proper motions and published radial velocities. We findapproximately 23 of the 344 stars in our sample have peculiar spacemotions greater than 40 km s-1 and up to 102 kms-1. We argue that these high-velocity stars are the resultof either a supernova that disrupted a binary or ejection by closeencounters of binaries in young clusters. Be stars spun up by binarymass transfer will appear as high-velocity objects if there wassignificant mass loss during the supernova explosion of the initiallymore massive star, but the generally moderate peculiar velocities of BeX-ray binaries indicate that the progenitors lose most of their massprior to the supernova (in accordance with model predictions). Binaryformation models for Be stars predict that most systems bypass thesupernova stage (and do not receive runaway velocities) to createultimately Be+white dwarf binaries. The fraction of Be stars spun up bybinary mass transfer remains unknown, since the post-mass transfercompanions are difficult to detect.
| CN Andromedae: A Broken-Contact Binary?
We solve new UBV light curves of the eclipsing binary CN Andromedaesimultaneously with radial velocities by the method of differentialcorrections. We find it semidetached with the more massive star fillingits limiting lobe and the less massive star very close to lobe-filling.Our solutions of earlier light curves have the same configuration.Within the uncertainties, the system may be in a broken or a marginalcontact stage as it undergoes thermal relaxation oscillations. The lightcurves are strongly affected by a large dark spot at high latitude onthe more massive star and by a bright substellar spot on the companion.Spot locations and temperatures do not differ significantly from epochto epoch. Based on single star evolutionary models, the primary's mass(1.299+/-0.045 Msolar) and radius (1.425+/-0.016Rsolar) are consistent with those of a star of age2.9×109 yr that will leave the main sequence in another2.0×109 yr. The orbital period has decreased during thepast 50 yr according to traditional eclipse timings and also accordingto our generalized light and velocity solutions that include a referenceepoch T0 and a rate of period change dP/dt. We finddP/dt=-0.01951+/-0.00054 s yr-1, which is consistent withmass transfer from the more to the less massive star of1.4×10-7 Msolar yr-1, assuming nomass is lost from the system. Reliable absolute dimensions aredetermined.
| V505 Mon - An early-type binary with a disk
New spectra of the eclipsing binary V505 Mon (usually classified as B5Ib) were obtained in the optical and UV regions. Only spectral lines ofone component are visible, with K = 93 km s-1. According toarguments based on the extent of the disk the mass ratio might be about0.30. The star with the visible spectral lines would then have a mass of2.3, the other component of 7.7 Msun, i.e. their supergiantnature can be ruled out. The distance to the system appears to be about1 kpc. Together with published photometric data, the spectroscopyprovides clear evidence for the presence of a disk around the secondarycomponent. The profiles of the C II 1335/6 doublet lines are used toderive the rotational velocity of the disk. The structure of the diskcan be characterized by a central ionized zone surrounded by neutralouter parts. Additional matter of cloudy nature has to be present, andboth components are embedded in an extended atmosphere. Abundance ofcarbon was found to be very low. Similarity with some othernon-eclipsing binaries is discussed. Based on observations collected atthe European Southern Observatory, La Silla, Chile, and at theGerman-Spanish Observatory, Calar Alto, Spain.
| Statistical analysis of intrinsic polarization, IR excess and projected rotational velocity distributions of classical Be stars
We present the results of statistical analyses of a sample of 627 Bestars. The parameters of intrinsic polarization (p*),projected rotational velocity (v sin i), and near IR excesses have beeninvestigated. The values of p* have been estimated for a muchlarger and more representative sample of Be stars (~490 objects) thanpreviously. We have confirmed that most Be stars of early spectral typehave statistically larger values of polarization and IR excesses incomparison with the late spectral type stars. It is found that thedistributions of p* diverge considerably for the differentspectral subgroups. In contrast to late spectral types (B5-B9.5), thedistribution of p* for B0-B2 stars does not peak at the valuep*=0%. Statistically significant differences in the meanprojected rotational velocities (/line{vsin i}) are found for differentspectral subgroups of Be stars in the sense that late spectral typestars (V luminosity class) generally rotate faster than early types, inagreement with previously published results. This behaviour is, however,not obvious for the III-IV luminosity class stars. Nevertheless, thecalculated values of the ratio vt/vc of the truerotational velocity, vt, to the critical velocity forbreak-up, vc, is larger for late spectral type stars of allluminosity classes. Thus, late spectral type stars appear to rotatecloser to their break-up rotational velocity. The distribution of nearIR excesses for early spectral subgroups is bi-modal, the position ofthe second peak displaying a maximum value E(V-L)~ 1 . m 3for O-B1.5 stars, decreasing to E(V-L)~0. m8 for intermediatespectral types (B3-B5). It is shown that bi-modality disappears for latespectral types (B6-B9.5). No correlations were found betweenp* and near IR excesses and between E(V-L) and vsin i for thedifferent subgroups of Be stars. In contrast to near IR excesses, arelation between p* and far IR excesses at 12 mu m is clearlyseen. A clear relation between p* and vsin i (as well asbetween p* and /line{vsin i}/vc) is found by thefact that plots of these parameters are bounded by a ``triangular"distribution of p*: vsin i, with a decrease of p*towards very small and very large vsin i (and /line{vsini}/vc) values. The latter behaviour can be understood in thecontext of a larger oblateness of circumstellar disks for the stars witha rapid rotation. From the analysis of correlations between differentobservational parameters we conclude that circumstellar envelopes forthe majority of Be stars are optically thin disks with the range of thehalf-opening angle of 10degr
| On the Variability of O4-B5 Luminosity Class III-V Stars
We investigate the Hipparcos Satellite photometry of O4-B5 luminosityclass III-V stars. Some for which further study is desirable areidentified. These stars in general are more variable than cooler stars
| Catalogue of H-alpha emission stars in the Northern Milky Way
The ``Catalogue of Stars in the Northern Milky Way Having H-alpha inEmission" appears in Abhandlungen aus der Hamburger Sternwarte, Band XIin the year 1997. It contains 4174 stars, range {32degr <= l() II< 214degr , -10degr < b() II < +10degr } having the Hαline in emission. HBH stars and stars of further 99 lists taken from theliterature till the end of 1994 were included in the catalogue. We givethe cross-identification of stars from all lists used. The catalogue isalso available in the Centre de Données, Strasbourg ftp130.79.128.5 or http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr and at the HamburgObservatory via internet.
| UBV beta Database for Case-Hamburg Northern and Southern Luminous Stars
A database of photoelectric UBV beta photometry for stars listed in theCase-Hamburg northern and southern Milky Way luminous stars surveys hasbeen compiled from the original research literature. Consisting of over16,000 observations of some 7300 stars from over 500 sources, thisdatabase constitutes the most complete compilation of such photometryavailable for intrinsically luminous stars around the Galactic plane.Over 5000 stars listed in the Case-Hamburg surveys still lackfundamental photometric data.
| Infrared carbon stars: new identifications and their space distribution in the Galaxy
We present JHKL photometry of a sample of 150 IRAS stars in the thirdand fourth galactic quadrant with | b | <2(deg) selected according totheir IRAS colour (0.160<=[12-25]<=1.156). We identify 27 carbonstar candidates using the [12-25] vs. K-L two-colour diagram method.Among them, 10 are listed in the Stephenson's catalogue of carbon starsand 17 are new infrared carbon stars (IRCS) candidates. Their distancesare found to be larger than 3 kpc. These data are combined with previousdata to study the space distribution of IRCS. The number density seemsto be independent of the galactocentric distance (R) toward the GalacticCenter and to decrease exponentially toward the anticenter. At thepresent stage, it is not possible to disentangle effects such asincompleteness of the sample, different space distribution law anddependence of the luminosity on metallicity. In particular, we suggestthat the apparent scarcity of IRCS in the central direction of theGalaxy (R<5 kpc) might be due to a selection effect. From theavailable data, we have found no IRCS within 1 kpc of the GalacticCenter. Based on observations obtained at the European SouthernObservatory, Chile
| Catalogue of stars in the northern Milky Way having H-alpha in emission
Not Available
| Spectroscopic study of the binary star AX Monocerotis
The interacting binary star AX Mon (K0III + B3 V) has been observed atthe Tartu Observatory, Estonia, from 1985 to 1997 using the 1.5-mtelescope. Seventy-five spectrograms are analyzed in the present paper.The hydrogen Balmer lines, H-alpha and H-beta, and, occasionally H-gammaand H-delta exhibit P Cygni-like profiles. Variations in theintensities, equivalent widths, radial velocities, and full widths athalf maximum of the emission and absorption components of the Balmerlines on timescales from days to about 10-12 yr have been found. Thevariations are caused mostly by variability in the extent and physicalcharacteristics of the B star envelope. Weak orbital variations (P =232.5 d) of H-beta and H-gamma show that these lines form closer to theB star than H-alpha. Emission lines of Fe II probably arise in theenvelope of the hot star as well as in the stream of matter between theK giant and the B star.
| New Perspectives on AX Monocerotis
AX Moncerotis is a 232d, noneclipsing, interacting binary star thatconsists of a K giant, a Be-like giant, and large amounts ofcircumstellar material. The K star is almost certainly a synchronousrotator and is probably in contact with its critical lobe. The Be starwas believed to be a rapid rotator based on extremely wide absorptionlines, but new spectra show that these lines arise from thecircumstellar environment. Hydrogen emission, also circumstellar, ismany times stronger than the continuum. Near-ultraviolet light curvesexhibit a 0.5 mag dip near phase 0.75, but there is no such variabilityat longer wavelengths. Gas flow trajectories from the cusp of the K startoward the Be star provide a simple explanation for the photometric andspectroscopic behavior. We may have found a decreasing orbital period,but more data are necessary to confirm this result. We present severalmodels for AX Mon based on (1) new and archival visible photometry, (2)archival ultraviolet spectroscopy, (3) new and archival visiblespectroscopy, (4) new visible polarimetry, and (5) new radio photometry.Future observations, including optical interferometry, are proposed.
| The Enigmatic Interacting Binary Star AX Monocerotis
AX Monocerotis is unusual for a binary with an ~ 232(d) .5 orbitalperiod: a K giant star, a Be-like giant star, and large amounts ofcircumbinary material. Either or both components may be in contact withtheir critical lobes. The Be star exhibits very wide line widthscorresponding to vsin i ~ 230 km s(-1) , which may or may not berelated to the stellar rotation rate. We present several possible modelsfor AX Mon based on 1) archival visible photometry, 2) archivalultraviolet spectroscopy, 3) new and archival visible spectroscopy, 4)new visible polarimetry, and 5) new radio photometry. Additionalcomments are presented concerning how optical interferometerobservations would improve the orbital elements (resolving the stars incontinuum) and provide additional information concerning itscircumbinary environment (resolving the envelope in hydrogen emission,Mg II absorption, and Na I absorption).
| Kuhle Gasringe um heisse veranderliche Sterne. Teil 1: Die Spektren der B-Emissionsliniensterne und ihre Deutung.
Not Available
| IBVS and the Long-Term Monitoring of Behaviour of Variable Stars
Not Available
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Radio continuum emission from stars: a catalogue update.
An updated version of my catalogue of radio stars is presented. Somestatistics and availability are discussed.
| Near-IR excess of Be stars.
The near-IR excess emission of 144 Be stars is derived from visual andnear-IR observations. The quasi-simultaneous nature of the observationsprovide colour excesses that are independent of temporal variations.Colour-colour diagrams are used to identify stars with excess coloursmarkedly different from the bulk of the sample stars. The near-IRemission of four stars that have markedly different colours isattributed to the presence of a binary companion or thermal dustemission. The percentage of stars with a significant excess increaseswith wavelength. The excess emission increases with wavelength and thelargest excesses occur in stars of earlier spectral type. The near-IRexcess colours are examined and compared to theoretical excess colourscalculated from a simple bremsstrahlung emitting disc model with aradial density distribution of the form ρ{prop.to}r^-β^. Theeffect of model parameters on the excess colours is discussed. Theobserved excesses for the bulk of the stars are well fit bycircumstellar discs with radii greater than ~10R_*_ and with a densityindex β, in the range 2.0-5.0. This is very similar to the range ofvalues previously determined by Waters et al. from IRAS far-IRobservations. A small number of stars cannot be reconciled with discswith a constant density index out to 10R_*_. It is argued that thecircumstellar plasma around these stars has a change in structure at~2-10R_*_. The possibilities of disc truncation or a change in thedensity index as the cause of the structure change are discussed.
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