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Secular Evolution in Mira Variable Pulsations
Stellar evolution theory predicts that asymptotic giant branch (AGB)stars undergo a series of short thermal pulses that significantly changetheir luminosity and mass on timescales of hundreds to thousands ofyears. These pulses are confirmed observationally by the existence ofthe short-lived radioisotope technetium in the spectra of some of thesestars, but other observational consequences of thermal pulses are subtleand may only be detected over many years of observations. Secularchanges in these stars resulting from thermal pulses can be detected asmeasurable changes in period if the star is undergoing Mira pulsations.It is known that a small fraction of Mira variables exhibit largesecular period changes, and the detection of these changes among alarger sample of stars could therefore be useful in evolutionary studiesof these stars. The American Association of Variable Star Observers(AAVSO) International Database currently contains visual data for over1500 Mira variables. Light curves for these stars span nearly a centuryin some cases, making it possible to study the secular evolution of thepulsation behavior on these timescales. In this paper we present theresults of our study of period change in 547 Mira variables using datafrom the AAVSO. We use wavelet analysis to measure the period changes inindividual Mira stars over the span of available data. By making linearfits to the period versus time measurements, we determine the averagerates of period change, dlnP/dt, for each of these stars. We findnonzero dlnP/dt at the 2 σ significance level in 57 of the 547stars, at the 3 σ level in 21 stars, and at the level of 6 σor greater in eight stars. The latter eight stars have been previouslynoted in the literature, and our derived rates of period change largelyagree with published values. The largest and most statisticallysignificant dlnP/dt are consistent with the rates of period changeexpected during thermal pulses on the AGB. A number of other starsexhibit nonmonotonic period change on decades-long timescales, the causeof which is not yet known. In the majority of stars, the periodvariations are smaller than our detection threshold, meaning theavailable data are not sufficient to unambiguously measure slowevolutionary changes in the pulsation period. It is unlikely that morestars with large period changes will be found among heretoforewell-observed Mira stars in the short term, but continued monitoring ofthese and other Mira stars may reveal new and serendipitous candidatesin the future.
| CHARM2: An updated Catalog of High Angular Resolution Measurements
We present an update of the Catalog of High Angular ResolutionMeasurements (CHARM, Richichi & Percheron \cite{CHARM}, A&A,386, 492), which includes results available until July 2004. CHARM2 is acompilation of direct measurements by high angular resolution methods,as well as indirect estimates of stellar diameters. Its main goal is toprovide a reference list of sources which can be used for calibrationand verification observations with long-baseline optical and near-IRinterferometers. Single and binary stars are included, as are complexobjects from circumstellar shells to extragalactic sources. The presentupdate provides an increase of almost a factor of two over the previousedition. Additionally, it includes several corrections and improvements,as well as a cross-check with the valuable public release observationsof the ESO Very Large Telescope Interferometer (VLTI). A total of 8231entries for 3238 unique sources are now present in CHARM2. Thisrepresents an increase of a factor of 3.4 and 2.0, respectively, overthe contents of the previous version of CHARM.The catalog is only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or via http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/431/773
| Pulsation of M-type Mira variables with moderately different mass: search for observable mass effects
Models of M-type Miras with masses of 1 and 1.2 Msolar, i.e.with envelope masses of about 0.4 and 0.6 Msolar, have beenconstructed, and a comparison has been made of their observableproperties. Geometric pulsation of continuum-forming layers is found tobe little affected by the mass difference. The influence of molecularcontamination of near-infrared continuum bandpasses uponinterferometrically measured fit diameters ranges from undetectable toquite significant. Some pulsation cycles of the lower-mass model Mirashow substantially stronger contamination than that found in any cycleof the higher-mass star. Observations which sample pulsation phase welland continuously are crucial for avoiding misinterpretations, becausethe assignment of absolute pulsation phases is inherently uncertain byat least 0.1 cycles, diameter changes may be strongly phase-dependent,and cycle-to-cycle variations may be substantial. In accord withexpectations, we find that cycle-to-cycle variations that show up inlight curves and in near-continuum diameters tend to be larger and morecommon in the low-mass models, leading to one possible way todiscriminate mass. Two other methods, based on high-precisionmeasurements of the pulsation amplitude and on derivation of pre-maximumeffective temperatures from diameter measurements, are also discussed.High-layer features that may be strongly affected by mass are not welldescribed by present dust-free models.
| On the observability of geometric pulsation of M-type Mira variables
The geometric pulsation of an M-type Mira variable as a function ofphase is studied by means of a series of complete self-excited modelsthat follows two successive cycles with time intervals of about 0.1cycles. Pulsation of the optical-depth diameter in a real-continuumbandpass in the near-infrared is predicted to be a simplesinusoidal-like motion. Pulsation of interferometrically measurablediameters is close to this motion only in the case of very smallmolecular-band contamination of the continuum in the bandpass ofobservation. Contamination depends on phase and on cycle and tends to besmallest just before and after maximum visual phase. The observed phasedependence of near-continuum diameters quoted in the literature resultsfrom superposition of effects of geometric pulsation and molecularabsorption. Measurements of such molecule-affected diameters are a goodtool for probing the time-dependent structure of the upper Miraatmosphere where molecules form.
| Evidence of asymmetric structure in the atmosphere of Mira variable U Orionis from lunar occultation observations in the near-infrared
We present the infrared angular diameter of Mira variable U Ori,obtained from lunar occultation observations at 2.2 μm. The uniformdisc (UD) angular diameter is determined to be 11.9 +/- 0.3 mas atvariability phase 0.28. The source brightness profile derived from amodel-independent analysis shows an asymmetric spatial structure. Thedispersion in UD angular diameter measurements in comparison with othersimilar measurements at the same phase in the near-infrared can beexplained by a spatial asymmetry of the source, being elongated in thedirection northeast - southwest, at position angle of 50°-70°.Several corollary evidences for the spatial asymmetry of the source arepresented.
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| CCD Photometry of 10 Mira Stars
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| Optical interferometry in astronomy
Here I review the current state of the field of optical stellarinterferometry, concentrating on ground-based work although a briefreport of space interferometry missions is included. We pause both toreflect on decades of immense progress in the field as well as toprepare for a new generation of large interferometers just now beingcommissioned (most notably, the CHARA, Keck and VLT Interferometers).First, this review summarizes the basic principles behind stellarinterferometry needed by the lay-physicist and general astronomer tounderstand the scientific potential as well as technical challenges ofinterferometry. Next, the basic design principles of practicalinterferometers are discussed, using the experience of past and existingfacilities to illustrate important points. Here there is significantdiscussion of current trends in the field, including the new facilitiesunder construction and advanced technologies being debuted. This decadehas seen the influence of stellar interferometry extend beyond classicalregimes of stellar diameters and binary orbits to new areas such asmapping the accretion discs around young stars, novel calibration of thecepheid period-luminosity relation, and imaging of stellar surfaces. Thethird section is devoted to the major scientific results frominterferometry, grouped into natural categories reflecting these currentdevelopments. Lastly, I consider the future of interferometry,highlighting the kinds of new science promised by the interferometerscoming on-line in the next few years. I also discuss the longer-termfuture of optical interferometry, including the prospects for spaceinterferometry and the possibilities of large-scale ground-basedprojects. Critical technological developments are still needed to makethese projects attractive and affordable.
| Hipparcos red stars in the HpV_T2 and V I_C systems
For Hipparcos M, S, and C spectral type stars, we provide calibratedinstantaneous (epoch) Cousins V - I color indices using newly derivedHpV_T2 photometry. Three new sets of ground-based Cousins V I data havebeen obtained for more than 170 carbon and red M giants. These datasetsin combination with the published sources of V I photometry served toobtain the calibration curves linking Hipparcos/Tycho Hp-V_T2 with theCousins V - I index. In total, 321 carbon stars and 4464 M- and S-typestars have new V - I indices. The standard error of the mean V - I isabout 0.1 mag or better down to Hp~9 although it deteriorates rapidly atfainter magnitudes. These V - I indices can be used to verify thepublished Hipparcos V - I color indices. Thus, we have identified ahandful of new cases where, instead of the real target, a random fieldstar has been observed. A considerable fraction of the DMSA/C and DMSA/Vsolutions for red stars appear not to be warranted. Most likely suchspurious solutions may originate from usage of a heavily biased color inthe astrometric processing.Based on observations from the Hipparcos astrometric satellite operatedby the European Space Agency (ESA 1997).}\fnmsep\thanks{Table 7 is onlyavailable in electronic form at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/397/997
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| Multiepoch Interferometric Study of Mira Variables. I. Narrowband Diameters of RZ Pegasi and S Lacertae
As part of the long-term monitoring of Mira variables at the PalomarTestbed Interferometer, we report high-resolution narrowband angularsizes of the oxygen-rich Mira S Lac and the carbon-rich Mira RZ Peg inthe near-infrared. The data set spans three pulsation cycles for S Lacand two pulsation cycles for RZ Peg (a total of 1070 25 s observations)and represents the first study to correlate multiepoch narrowbandinterferometric data of Mira variables. When the calibrated visibilitydata are fitted using a uniform disk brightness model, differences areseen in their angular diameters as a function of wavelength within the Kband (2.0-2.4 μm), the source of which is believed to be molecularabsorptions in or above the photospheres of the two chemically differentMiras. Using visible photometric data provided by the AssociationFrancaise des Observateurs d'Etoiles Variables (AFOEV), the continuumminimum size of RZ Peg lags this by 0.28+/-0.02 in pulsation, similar tothe phase lag found in Correlation Radial Velocities (CORAVEL) data.However, for S Lac, the continuum minimum size tracks the visual maximumbrightness. Based on the mean of the continuum angular diametercycloids, basic stellar parameters are computed for both RZ Peg and SLac, with both showing maximum atmospheric extension with respect to the2.0 and 2.4 μm diameters near phase 0.9. Using the mean value of thefitted cycloids, RZ Peg has a radius Rmean=377+/-111Rsolar and a mean Teff=2706+/-36 K; S Lac has aradius Rmean=292+/-73 Rsolar and a meanTeff=2605+/-47 K. The dominant source of error in the radiiis the large uncertainty in the distances to these two stars.
| CHARM: A Catalog of High Angular Resolution Measurements
The Catalog of High Angular Resolution Measurements (CHARM) includesmost of the measurements obtained by the techniques of lunaroccultations and long-baseline interferometry at visual and infraredwavelengths, which have appeared in the literature or have otherwisebeen made public until mid-2001. A total of 2432 measurements of 1625sources are included, along with extensive auxiliary information. Inparticular, visual and infrared photometry is included for almost allthe sources. This has been partly extracted from currently availablecatalogs, and partly obtained specifically for CHARM. The main aim is toprovide a compilation of sources which could be used as calibrators orfor science verification purposes by the new generation of largeground-based facilities such as the ESO Very Large Interferometer andthe Keck Interferometer. The Catalog is available in electronic form atthe CDS via anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/386/492, and from theauthors on CD-Rom.
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| Long period variable stars: galactic populations and infrared luminosity calibrations
In this paper HIPPARCOS astrometric and kinematic data are used tocalibrate both infrared luminosities and kinematical parameters of LongPeriod Variable stars (LPVs). Individual absolute K and IRAS 12 and 25luminosities of 800 LPVs are determined and made available in electronicform. The estimated mean kinematics is analyzed in terms of galacticpopulations. LPVs are found to belong to galactic populations rangingfrom the thin disk to the extended disk. An age range and a lower limitof the initial mass is given for stars of each population. A differenceof 1.3 mag in K for the upper limit of the Asymptotic Giant Branch isfound between the disk and old disk galactic populations, confirming itsdependence on the mass in the main sequence. LPVs with a thin envelopeare distinguished using the estimated mean IRAS luminosities. The levelof attraction (in the classification sense) of each group for the usualclassifying parameters of LPVs (variability and spectral types) isexamined. Table only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/374/968 or via ASTRIDdatabase (http://astrid.graal.univ-montp2.fr).
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| Stars with the Largest Hipparcos Photometric Amplitudes
A list of the 2027 stars that have the largest photometric amplitudes inHipparcos Photometry shows that most variable stars are all Miras. Thepercentage of variable types change as a function of amplitude. Thiscompilation should also be of value to photometrists looking forrelatively unstudied, but large amplitude stars.
| Infrared colours for Mira-like long-period variables found in the (Mȯ<~10-7 Msolar yr-1) Hipparcos Catalogue
Near-infrared, JHKL, photometry is presented for 193 Mira andsemi-regular variables that were observed by Hipparcos; periods,bolometric magnitudes and amplitudes are derived for 92 of them. Becauseof the way in which the Hipparcos targets were selected, this group ofstars provides a useful data base of Miras with low mass-loss rates(Mȯ<~10-7Msolaryr-1).Various period-colour relationships are discussed in detail. The colour,particularly BCK = 10.86 - 38.10 K (J - K)0 +64.16(J - K)20 - 50.72(J -K)30 + 19, K-L, at a given period is found todepend on the pulsation amplitude of the star. A comparison with modelssuggests that this is a consequence of atmospheric extension, in thesense that large-amplitude pulsators have very extended atmospheres andredder Mȯ<10-7Msolaryr-1, K-L and H-K but bluerJ-H than their lower amplitude counterparts. The stars with veryextended atmospheres also have higher values of K-[12] and hence highermass-loss rates. This finding provides further evidence for the causalconnection between pulsation and mass loss. Two sequences are identifiedin the Hp-K versus logP diagram (where Hp is the Hipparcos broad-bandmagnitude) at short periods (logP<2.35). At a given period these twogroups have, on average, the same pulsation amplitude, but differentJHKL colours and spectral types. The short-period stars in the bluersequence have similar near-infrared colours to the Miras found inglobular clusters. Long-term trends in the infrared light curves arediscussed for stars that have sufficient data.
| Mira kinematics from Hipparcos data: a Galactic bar to beyond the Solar circle
The space motions of Mira variables are derived from radial velocities,Hipparcos proper motions and a period-luminosity relation. Thepreviously known dependence of Mira kinematics on the period ofpulsation is confirmed and refined. In addition, it is found that Miraswith periods in the range 145-200d in the general Solar neighbourhoodhave a net radial outward motion from the Galactic Centre of75+/-18kms-1. This, together with a lag behind the circularvelocity of Galactic rotation of 98+/-19kms-1, is interpretedas evidence for an elongation of their orbits, with their major axesaligned at an angle of ~17° with the Sun-Galactic Centre line,towards positive Galactic longitudes. This concentration seems to be acontinuation to the Solar circle and beyond of the bar-like structure ofthe Galactic bulge, with the orbits of some local Miras probablypenetrating into the bulge. These conclusions are not sensitive to thedistance scale adopted. A further analysis is given of the short-period(SP) red group of Miras discussed in companion papers in this series. InAppendix A the mean radial velocities and other data for 842 oxygen-richMira-like variables are tabulated. These velocities were derived frompublished optical and radio observations.
| Period-Luminosity-Colour distribution and classification of Galactic oxygen-rich LPVs. I. Luminosity calibrations
The absolute K magnitudes and kinematic parameters of about 350oxygen-rich Long-Period Variable stars are calibrated, by means of anup-to-date maximum-likelihood method, using Hipparcos parallaxes andproper motions together with radial velocities and, as additional data,periods and V-K colour indices. Four groups, differing by theirkinematics and mean magnitudes, are found. For each of them, we alsoobtain the distributions of magnitude, period and de-reddened colour ofthe base population, as well as de-biased period-luminosity-colourrelations and their two-dimensional projections. The SRa semiregulars donot seem to constitute a separate class of LPVs. The SRb appear tobelong to two populations of different ages. In a PL diagram, theyconstitute two evolutionary sequences towards the Mira stage. The Mirasof the disk appear to pulsate on a lower-order mode. The slopes of theirde-biased PL and PC relations are found to be very different from theones of the Oxygen Miras of the LMC. This suggests that a significantnumber of so-called Miras of the LMC are misclassified. This alsosuggests that the Miras of the LMC do not constitute a homogeneousgroup, but include a significant proportion of metal-deficient stars,suggesting a relatively smooth star formation history. As a consequence,one may not trivially transpose the LMC period-luminosity relation fromone galaxy to the other Based on data from the Hipparcos astrometrysatellite. Appendix B is only available in electronic form at the CDSvia anonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Long-Term Changes in Mira Stars. I. Period Fluctuations in Mira Stars
It has been known since the pioneering work of Eddington & Plakidisthat the period changes in Mira stars are dominated by the effects ofrandom cycle-to-cycle fluctuations in period, at least in the limitedsample of stars that were studied. We have extended their work, using aportion of the American Association of Variable Star Observers (AAVSO)international database of variable star observations: times andmagnitudes of maximum and minimum magnitude of 391 bright Mira starsover 75 yr (Kowalsky et al.). The Eddington & Plakidis model fitsthe data in almost every case, at least over a time interval of severaltens of cycles. There is a weak correlation between the fractionalperiod fluctuation, per cycle, and the period (or color) of the star,but not with the amplitude or chemical type (M, S, or C).
| Classification and Identification of IRAS Sources with Low-Resolution Spectra
IRAS low-resolution spectra were extracted for 11,224 IRAS sources.These spectra were classified into astrophysical classes, based on thepresence of emission and absorption features and on the shape of thecontinuum. Counterparts of these IRAS sources in existing optical andinfrared catalogs are identified, and their optical spectral types arelisted if they are known. The correlations between thephotospheric/optical and circumstellar/infrared classification arediscussed.
| Mean light curves of long-period variables and discrimination between carbon- and oxygen-rich stars
Using 75 years of AAVSO data, mean light curve parameters of a sample of355 long period M, S, and C mira and semi-regular variable stars areinvestigated. We present a classification of the light curves of LPVsinto 6 distinct groups. Combining this classification with IRAS colorsmakes it possible to distinguish oxygen-rich from carbon-rich miras.Table 2 is only available in electronic form at the CDS via anonymousftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/Abstract.html
| Water Masers Associated with Circumstellar Shells
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1996ApJS..106..579B&db_key=AST
| Vitesses radiales. Catalogue WEB: Wilson Evans Batten. Subtittle: Radial velocities: The Wilson-Evans-Batten catalogue.
We give a common version of the two catalogues of Mean Radial Velocitiesby Wilson (1963) and Evans (1978) to which we have added the catalogueof spectroscopic binary systems (Batten et al. 1989). For each star,when possible, we give: 1) an acronym to enter SIMBAD (Set ofIdentifications Measurements and Bibliography for Astronomical Data) ofthe CDS (Centre de Donnees Astronomiques de Strasbourg). 2) the numberHIC of the HIPPARCOS catalogue (Turon 1992). 3) the CCDM number(Catalogue des Composantes des etoiles Doubles et Multiples) byDommanget & Nys (1994). For the cluster stars, a precise study hasbeen done, on the identificator numbers. Numerous remarks point out theproblems we have had to deal with.
| Lumnosity attenuation and distances of red giant stars
The Mv of M red variable stars is increased by the molecularTiO bands which grow from M0 to M10 in an inherent spectral darkeningsequence. The Mv is the result of both the effective visualflux and the equivalent radius. The equivalent radius is apparentlysmaller than the empirical radius due to a molecular covering process instars later than M3. The full range of optical red giant stars forms asequence from the brightest M early spectral types (S Car, M0(max),Mv approx = -3.2 mag) to the faintest M-latest spectral types(IK Tau, M10.5 min), Mv approx. = 16.5 mag). The typicalMiras and SR stars of M-medium and M-late spectral types are betweenthese two extremes. The sequence has a range of 20 mag on the visual(HR) diagram which extends from the red giant branch (RGB) passingbeyond the Mv of red dwarf stars as far as the point where itintercepts with the prolongation of the zero-age main sequence (ZAMS) inthe latest spectral type. Typical M10-stars at 200 pc has a V approx. =20 mag. M-latest stars at larger distances are unobservable stars in thevisual band. The distances of 134 variable stars are also given. Thedistances to 86 stars were determined by using a pure photometricmethod, while preliminary distances (less than 200 pc) for the remaining48 M-latest stars were determined by the spectral-photometric method.Since the local stellar density of M stars up to 100 pc rises at least7.5 times, it is possible to discuss that the long-standing problem ofdark matter in spiral galaxies could be resolved by these very dimmassive giant stars and by the molecular covered stars at the extremeend of the attenuating sequence. Furthermore, post M-latest stars may bethe only nonvisual stellar objects that can explain the enormousquantity of faint and point infrared sources found by IRAS. These weakobjects suggest the existence of an infrared Milky Way which is moredense than the optical one.
| A CO(3-2) survey of nearby Mira variables
A survey of CO(3-2) emission from optically visible oxygen-rich Miravariable stars within 500 pc of the Sun was conducted. A molecularenvelope was detected surrounding 36 of the 66 stars examined. Some ofthese stars have lower outflow velocities than any Miras previouslydetected in CO. The average terminal velocity of the ejected materialwas 7.0 km/s, about half the value found in Miras selected by infraredcriteria. None of the stars with spectral types earlier than M5.5 weredetected. The terminal velocity increases as the temperature of thestellar photosphere decreases, as would be expected for a radiationdriven wind. Mass-loss rates for the detected objects were calculated,and it was found that there is no correlation between the infrared colorof a Mira variable, and its mass-loss rate. The mass-loss rate iscorrelated with the far-infrared luminosity, although a few stars appearto have extensive dust envelopes without any detectable molecular wind.A power-law relationship is found to hold between the mass-loss rate andthe terminal velocity of the ejected material. This relationshipindicates that the dust envelope should be optically thick in the nearinfrared and visible regions of the spectrum when the outflow velocityis greater than or approximately 17 km/s. At the low end of the range ofoutflow velocities seen, the dust drift velocity may be high enough tolead to the destruction of the grains via sputtering. Half of the starswhich were detected were reobserved in the CO(4-3) transition. Acomparison of the outflow velocities obtained from these observationswith those obtained by other investigators at lower frequencies shows noevidence for gradual acceleration of the outer molecular envelope.
| Circumstellar Dust in Mira Variables and the Mass Loss Mechanisms
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...273..570A&db_key=AST
| S stars: infrared colors, technetium, and binarity
Abstract image available at:http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?1993A&A...271..463J&db_key=AST
| Observational properties of V = 1, J = 1 - 0 SiO masers
Complete results of an extensive survey of v = 1 and v = 0, J = 1 - 0SiO emission from evolved stellar objects are reported. All results aretabulated and all spectra are displayed. The large data base of SiOobservations acquired in this project allows the following conclusions:(1) SiO maser emission provides, on average, a good estimate of thestellar systemic velocity and there is no statistical evidence that gastends to recede from or approach the star. This result suggests that theSiO masers exist inside the expanding circumstellar envelope; (2) SiOmaser intensity is correlated with 12-micron IR flux; (3) SiO maserintensity is not correlated with 1612 MHz OH maser intensity, or byinference, with stellar mass loss rate; (4) maser action, as well asthermal emission, is common in v = 0, J = 1 - 0 emission.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Lézard |
| Right ascension: | 22h29m00.90s |
| Declination: | +40°18'55.9" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 10.121 |
| Distance: | 666.667 parsecs |
| Proper motion RA: | -10.2 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -4.1 |
| B-T magnitude: | 11.335 |
| V-T magnitude: | 10.222 |
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