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Properties and nature of Be stars. 25. A new orbital solution and the nature of a peculiar emission-line binary υ Sagittarii
Context: .Binaries observed in the initial rapid phase of mass exchangebetween the components are very rare since the statistical probabilityof finding them is low. At the same time, thorough studies of them areextremely important for better understanding the process of large-scalemass exchange and possible mass loss from the system. One of theseobjects is probably υ Sgr. Aims: .By analyzing 35 newelectronic spectra and numerous published spectral and photometricobservations, we derived the new orbital elements, an upper limit to asecular period change, and also the peculiar RV curve of theblue-shifted Hα absorption. Possible models of the binary and itsevolutionary stage are then discussed critically. Methods:.Reduction of new spectra was carried out with the IRAF and SPEFOprograms. All orbital elements were derived with the FOTEL program andperiod searches were carried out using the phase-dispersionminimalization technique. Results: .The peculiar RV curve of theblue-shifted Hα absorption rules out the model of a coronal flowof matter from the brighter component. The presence of bipolar jets thatare perpendicular to the orbital plane and similar to those found forβ Lyr seems probable. An upper limit to the secular period decreaseof 24 s per year was estimated and should be tested by future RVobservations. The peculiar character of the line spectrum of thebrighter component could also be understood as originating from apseudo-photosphere of an optically thick disk rather than from a stellarspectrum. Conclusions: .Better understanding of the nature ofυ Sgr will not be possible without interferometric resolution ofthe binary and especially without determining its orbital inclination.
| A catalogue of eclipsing variables
A new catalogue of 6330 eclipsing variable stars is presented. Thecatalogue was developed from the General Catalogue of Variable Stars(GCVS) and its textual remarks by including recently publishedinformation about classification of 843 systems and making correspondingcorrections of GCVS data. The catalogue1 represents thelargest list of eclipsing binaries classified from observations.
| Observed Orbital Eccentricities
For 391 spectroscopic and visual binaries with known orbital elementsand having B0-F0 IV or V primaries, we collected the derivedeccentricities. As has been found by others, those binaries with periodsof a few days have been circularized. However, those with periods up toabout 1000 or more days show reduced eccentricities that asymptoticallyapproach a mean value of 0.5 for the longest periods. For those binarieswith periods greater than 1000 days their distribution of eccentricitiesis flat from 0 to nearly 1, indicating that in the formation of binariesthere is no preferential eccentricity. The binaries with intermediateperiods (10-100 days) lack highly eccentric orbits.
| Astrometric orbits of SB^9 stars
Hipparcos Intermediate Astrometric Data (IAD) have been used to deriveastrometric orbital elements for spectroscopic binaries from the newlyreleased Ninth Catalogue of Spectroscopic Binary Orbits(SB^9). This endeavour is justified by the fact that (i) theastrometric orbital motion is often difficult to detect without theprior knowledge of the spectroscopic orbital elements, and (ii) suchknowledge was not available at the time of the construction of theHipparcos Catalogue for the spectroscopic binaries which were recentlyadded to the SB^9 catalogue. Among the 1374 binaries fromSB^9 which have an HIP entry (excluding binaries with visualcompanions, or DMSA/C in the Double and Multiple Stars Annex), 282 havedetectable orbital astrometric motion (at the 5% significance level).Among those, only 70 have astrometric orbital elements that are reliablydetermined (according to specific statistical tests), and for the firsttime for 20 systems. This represents a 8.5% increase of the number ofastrometric systems with known orbital elements (The Double and MultipleSystems Annex contains 235 of those DMSA/O systems). The detection ofthe astrometric orbital motion when the Hipparcos IAD are supplementedby the spectroscopic orbital elements is close to 100% for binaries withonly one visible component, provided that the period is in the 50-1000 drange and the parallax is >5 mas. This result is an interestingtestbed to guide the choice of algorithms and statistical tests to beused in the search for astrometric binaries during the forthcoming ESAGaia mission. Finally, orbital inclinations provided by the presentanalysis have been used to derive several astrophysical quantities. Forinstance, 29 among the 70 systems with reliable astrometric orbitalelements involve main sequence stars for which the companion mass couldbe derived. Some interesting conclusions may be drawn from this new setof stellar masses, like the enigmatic nature of the companion to theHyades F dwarf HIP 20935. This system has a mass ratio of 0.98 but thecompanion remains elusive.
| A new approach to IRAS observations of Be stars
The IRAS associations for 193 Be stars are identified in this paper.From the infrared colors, the IRAS low-resolution spectra (LRS) and thespectral types, some physical properties and environment of the samplesare discussed. It can be concluded that not only free-free emission orfree-bound emission from the circumstellar ionized gas can beresponsible for the large IR excesses of Be stars as suggestedpreviously, but also, for some Be stars, thermal radiation from thecircumstellar dust and/or nebula around the star can produce large IRexcess as well. It is also found that the far IR excess of Be starsincreases with wavelengths.
| Tidal Effects in Binaries of Various Periods
We found in the published literature the rotational velocities for 162B0-B9.5, 152 A0-A5, and 86 A6-F0 stars, all of luminosity classes V orIV, that are in spectroscopic or visual binaries with known orbitalelements. The data show that stars in binaries with periods of less thanabout 4 days have synchronized rotational and orbital motions. Stars inbinaries with periods of more than about 500 days have the samerotational velocities as single stars. However, the primaries inbinaries with periods of between 4 and 500 days have substantiallysmaller rotational velocities than single stars, implying that they havelost one-third to two-thirds of their angular momentum, presumablybecause of tidal interactions. The angular momentum losses increase withdecreasing binary separations or periods and increase with increasingage or decreasing mass.
| Be Star Hα Line Profile Variability
The monitoring of the spectroscopic variability of Be stars is crucialfor testing Be star models. Motivated by this, a Be star monitoringproject was developed for undergraduate student research involvement. Wehave been obtaining 0.8 Angstrom/pixel resolution Hα line profilesfor several bright Be stars since 2003 June. These spectra were acquiredusing the UCA Fiber Fed Spectrograph used at the UCA Observatory and theNubbin Ridge Observatory in Royal, AR. H-α line profiles,velocities, and variability are shown for Delta Sco, Chi Oph, Eta PsA,48 Lib, and Upsilon Sgr (HD181615).Funding has been provided by the UCA University Research Council and theArkansas Space Grant Consortium.
| Empirical calibration of the near-infrared CaII triplet - IV. The stellar population synthesis models
We present a new evolutionary stellar population synthesis model, whichpredicts spectral energy distributions for single-age single-metallicitystellar populations (SSPs) at resolution 1.5 Å (FWHM) in thespectral region of the near-infrared CaII triplet feature. The mainingredient of the model is a new extensive empirical stellar spectrallibrary that has been recently presented by Cenarro et al., which iscomposed of more than 600 stars with an unprecedented coverage of thestellar atmospheric parameters.Two main products of interest for stellar population analysis arepresented. The first is a spectral library for SSPs with metallicities-1.7 < [Fe/H] < +0.2, a large range of ages (0.1-18 Gyr) andinitial mass function (IMF) types. They are well suited to modellinggalaxy data, since the SSP spectra, with flux-calibrated responsecurves, can be smoothed to the resolution of the observational data,taking into account the internal velocity dispersion of the galaxy,allowing the user to analyse the observed spectrum in its own system. Wealso produce integrated absorption-line indices (namely CaT*, CaT andPaT) for the same SSPs in the form of equivalent widths.We find the following behaviour for the CaII triplet feature in old-agedSSPs: (i) the strength of the CaT* index does not change much with timefor all metallicities for ages larger than ~3 Gyr; (ii) this index showsa strong dependence on metallicity for values below [M/H]~-0.5 and (iii)for larger metallicities this feature does not show a significantdependence either on age or on the metallicity, being more sensitive tochanges in the slope of power-like IMF shapes.The SSP spectra have been calibrated with measurements for globularclusters by Armandroff & Zinn, which are well reproduced, probingthe validity of using the integrated CaII triplet feature fordetermining the metallicities of these systems. Fitting the models totwo early-type galaxies of different luminosities (NGC 4478 and 4365),we find that the CaII triplet measurements cannot be fitted unless avery dwarf-dominated IMF is imposed, or if the Ca abundance is evenlower than the Fe abundance. More details can be found in work byCenarro et al.
| The magnetic B and A stars - their cause and cure
Not Available
| New periodic variables from the Hipparcos epoch photometry
Two selection statistics are used to extract new candidate periodicvariables from the epoch photometry of the Hipparcos catalogue. Theprimary selection criterion is a signal-to-noise ratio. The dependenceof this statistic on the number of observations is calibrated usingabout 30000 randomly permuted Hipparcos data sets. A significance levelof 0.1 per cent is used to extract a first batch of candidate variables.The second criterion requires that the optimal frequency be unaffectedif the data are de-trended by low-order polynomials. We find 2675 newcandidate periodic variables, of which the majority (2082) are from theHipparcos`unsolved' variables. Potential problems with theinterpretation of the data (e.g. aliasing) are discussed.
| Empirical calibration of the near-infrared Ca II triplet - III. Fitting functions
Using a near-infrared stellar library of 706 stars with a wide coverageof atmospheric parameters, we study the behaviour of the CaII tripletstrength in terms of effective temperature, surface gravity andmetallicity. Empirical fitting functions for recently definedline-strength indices, namely CaT*, CaT and PaT, are provided. Thesefunctions can be easily implemented into stellar population models toprovide accurate predictions for integrated CaII strengths. We alsopresent a thorough study of the various error sources and their relationto the residuals of the derived fitting functions. Finally, the derivedfunctional forms and the behaviour of the predicted CaII are comparedwith those of previous works in the field.
| Envelope Ejection: An Alternative Evolutionary Process for Some Early Case B Binaries
We discuss the evolution of binaries with moderately high masses (~10-30Msolar) and with periods of ~3-300 days, corresponding mostlyto early case B. These are usually thought to evolve either byreasonably conservative Roche lobe overflow, if the initial mass ratiois fairly mild, or else by highly nonconservative common-envelopeevolution, with spiral-in to short periods (hours, typically), if theinitial mass ratio is rather extreme. We discuss here a handful ofbinaries from part of this period range (~50-250 days), which appear tohave followed a different path: we argue that they must have lost alarge proportion of initial mass (~70%-80%) but without shortening theirperiods at all. We suggest that their behavior may be due to the factthat stars of such masses, when evolved also to rather large radii, arenot far from the Humphreys-Davidson limit, where single stars lose theirenvelopes spontaneously in P Cygni winds, and so have envelopes that areonly lightly bound to the core. These envelopes therefore may berelatively easily dissipated by the perturbing effect of a companion. Inaddition, some or all of the stars considered here may have been closeto the Cepheid instability strip when they filled their Roche lobes. Oneor the other, or both, of high luminosity and Cepheid instability, incombination with an appropriately close binary companion, may beimplicated.
| Rotational Velocities of B Stars
We measured the projected rotational velocities of 1092 northern B starslisted in the Bright Star Catalogue (BSC) and calibrated them againstthe 1975 Slettebak et al. system. We found that the published values ofB dwarfs in the BSC average 27% higher than those standards. Only 0.3%of the stars have rotational velocities in excess of two-thirds of thebreakup velocities, and the mean velocity is only 25% of breakup,implying that impending breakup is not a significant factor in reducingrotational velocities. For the B8-B9.5 III-V stars the bimodaldistribution in V can be explained by a set of slowly rotating Ap starsand a set of rapidly rotating normal stars. For the B0-B5 III-V starsthat include very few peculiar stars, the distributions in V are notbimodal. Are the low rotational velocities of B stars due to theoccurrence of frequent low-mass companions, planets, or disks? Therotational velocities of giants originating from late B dwarfs areconsistent with their conservation of angular momentum in shells.However, we are puzzled by why the giants that originate from the earlyB dwarfs, despite having 3 times greater radii, have nearly the samerotational velocities. We find that all B-type primaries in binarieswith periods less than 2.4 days have synchronized rotational and orbitalmotions; those with periods between 2.4 and 5.0 days are rotating withina factor 2 of synchronization or are ``nearly synchronized.'' Thecorresponding period ranges for A-type stars are 4.9 and 10.5 days, ortwice as large. We found that the rotational velocities of the primariesare synchronized earlier than their orbits are circularized. The maximumorbital period for circularized B binaries is 1.5 days and for Abinaries is 2.5 days. For stars of various ages from 107.5 to1010.2 yr the maximum circularized periods are a smoothexponential function of age.
| Rotational velocities of A-type stars in the northern hemisphere. II. Measurement of v sin i
This work is the second part of the set of measurements of v sin i forA-type stars, begun by Royer et al. (\cite{Ror_02a}). Spectra of 249 B8to F2-type stars brighter than V=7 have been collected at Observatoirede Haute-Provence (OHP). Fourier transforms of several line profiles inthe range 4200-4600 Å are used to derive v sin i from thefrequency of the first zero. Statistical analysis of the sampleindicates that measurement error mainly depends on v sin i and thisrelative error of the rotational velocity is found to be about 5% onaverage. The systematic shift with respect to standard values fromSlettebak et al. (\cite{Slk_75}), previously found in the first paper,is here confirmed. Comparisons with data from the literature agree withour findings: v sin i values from Slettebak et al. are underestimatedand the relation between both scales follows a linear law ensuremath vsin inew = 1.03 v sin iold+7.7. Finally, thesedata are combined with those from the previous paper (Royer et al.\cite{Ror_02a}), together with the catalogue of Abt & Morrell(\cite{AbtMol95}). The resulting sample includes some 2150 stars withhomogenized rotational velocities. Based on observations made atObservatoire de Haute Provence (CNRS), France. Tables \ref{results} and\ref{merging} are only available in electronic form at the CDS viaanonymous ftp to cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.125.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/393/897
| Atmospheric Iron Abundance in the Primary Component of upsilon Sgr
Not Available
| A Search for High-Velocity Be Stars
We present an analysis of the kinematics of Be stars based uponHipparcos proper motions and published radial velocities. We findapproximately 23 of the 344 stars in our sample have peculiar spacemotions greater than 40 km s-1 and up to 102 kms-1. We argue that these high-velocity stars are the resultof either a supernova that disrupted a binary or ejection by closeencounters of binaries in young clusters. Be stars spun up by binarymass transfer will appear as high-velocity objects if there wassignificant mass loss during the supernova explosion of the initiallymore massive star, but the generally moderate peculiar velocities of BeX-ray binaries indicate that the progenitors lose most of their massprior to the supernova (in accordance with model predictions). Binaryformation models for Be stars predict that most systems bypass thesupernova stage (and do not receive runaway velocities) to createultimately Be+white dwarf binaries. The fraction of Be stars spun up bybinary mass transfer remains unknown, since the post-mass transfercompanions are difficult to detect.
| BI Lyncis: A hydrogen-deficient binary consisting of two low-mass giants of spectral types early-B and G
BI Lyn has previously been misclassified as anevolved binary system containing either a hot subdwarf or white dwarfand a thick accretion disk. New intermediate dispersion spectra arepresented which demonstrate clearly that the hot component is a luminouslow-mass helium star and the cool companion is a rapidly rotating G-typegiant. Techniques of spectrum synthesis have been used to establish thedimensions of both components. Although the orbital period of the systemremains unknown, other phenomena are entirely consistent with theseobserved dimensions. A ~ 0.34 d periodic photometric variation could beexplained by pulsations in the B-type primary and, by analogy with otherH-deficient binaries, it is suggested that the variable absorption inHα may be due to a gas stream flowing through the inner Lagrangianpoint. Based on observations obtained with the Isaac Newton and WilliamHerschel Telescopes, and on INES data from the IUE satellite.
| Statistical analysis of intrinsic polarization, IR excess and projected rotational velocity distributions of classical Be stars
We present the results of statistical analyses of a sample of 627 Bestars. The parameters of intrinsic polarization (p*),projected rotational velocity (v sin i), and near IR excesses have beeninvestigated. The values of p* have been estimated for a muchlarger and more representative sample of Be stars (~490 objects) thanpreviously. We have confirmed that most Be stars of early spectral typehave statistically larger values of polarization and IR excesses incomparison with the late spectral type stars. It is found that thedistributions of p* diverge considerably for the differentspectral subgroups. In contrast to late spectral types (B5-B9.5), thedistribution of p* for B0-B2 stars does not peak at the valuep*=0%. Statistically significant differences in the meanprojected rotational velocities (/line{vsin i}) are found for differentspectral subgroups of Be stars in the sense that late spectral typestars (V luminosity class) generally rotate faster than early types, inagreement with previously published results. This behaviour is, however,not obvious for the III-IV luminosity class stars. Nevertheless, thecalculated values of the ratio vt/vc of the truerotational velocity, vt, to the critical velocity forbreak-up, vc, is larger for late spectral type stars of allluminosity classes. Thus, late spectral type stars appear to rotatecloser to their break-up rotational velocity. The distribution of nearIR excesses for early spectral subgroups is bi-modal, the position ofthe second peak displaying a maximum value E(V-L)~ 1 . m 3for O-B1.5 stars, decreasing to E(V-L)~0. m8 for intermediatespectral types (B3-B5). It is shown that bi-modality disappears for latespectral types (B6-B9.5). No correlations were found betweenp* and near IR excesses and between E(V-L) and vsin i for thedifferent subgroups of Be stars. In contrast to near IR excesses, arelation between p* and far IR excesses at 12 mu m is clearlyseen. A clear relation between p* and vsin i (as well asbetween p* and /line{vsin i}/vc) is found by thefact that plots of these parameters are bounded by a ``triangular"distribution of p*: vsin i, with a decrease of p*towards very small and very large vsin i (and /line{vsini}/vc) values. The latter behaviour can be understood in thecontext of a larger oblateness of circumstellar disks for the stars witha rapid rotation. From the analysis of correlations between differentobservational parameters we conclude that circumstellar envelopes forthe majority of Be stars are optically thin disks with the range of thehalf-opening angle of 10degr
| The proper motions of fundamental stars. I. 1535 stars from the Basic FK5
A direct combination of the positions given in the HIPPARCOS cataloguewith astrometric ground-based catalogues having epochs later than 1939allows us to obtain new proper motions for the 1535 stars of the BasicFK5. The results are presented as the catalogue Proper Motions ofFundamental Stars (PMFS), Part I. The median precision of the propermotions is 0.5 mas/year for mu alpha cos delta and 0.7mas/year for mu delta . The non-linear motions of thephotocentres of a few hundred astrometric binaries are separated intotheir linear and elliptic motions. Since the PMFS proper motions do notinclude the information given by the proper motions from othercatalogues (HIPPARCOS, FK5, FK6, etc.) this catalogue can be used as anindependent source of the proper motions of the fundamental stars.Catalogue (Table 3) is only available at the CDS via anonymous ftp tocdsarc.u-strasbg.fr (130.79.128.5) or viahttp://cdsweb.u-strastg.fr/cgi-bin/qcat?J/A+A/365/222
| The primary component of υ Sagittarius is a neon star
From photographic and CCD spectra the abundance of neon and otherelements in the atmosphere of the υ Sgr primary component has beenderived. The values of Teff = 13500±150K and log g= 2.0±0.5 obtained earlier have been confirmed; the value of theturbulent velocity in the region of neon line formation,Vt(Ne) = 12 km/s, has been found; the abundances of lightelements H - 10-4, He - 0.93, C - 0.014, N - 0.023, and O -0.002 in mass have been refined. A great overabundance of neon has beenfound, its abundance, with a high accuracy islog(N(Ne)/ΣNi) = -2.76±0.16 (about 1% in mass).
| The R Coronae Borealis stars - atmospheres and abundances
An abundance analysis of the H-deficient and He- and C-rich R CoronaeBorealis (R CrB) stars has been undertaken to examine the ancestry ofthe stars. The investigation is based on high-resolution spectra andline-blanketed H-deficient model atmospheres. The models successfullyreproduce the flux distributions and all spectral features, bothmolecular bands and high-excitation transitions, with one importantexception, the C i lines. Since photoionization of C i dominates thecontinuous opacity, the line strengths of C i are essentiallyindependent of the adopted carbon abundance and stellar parameters. Allpredicted C i lines are, however, much too strong compared withobservations, with a discrepancy in abundance corresponding to 0.6 dexwith little star-to-star scatter. Various solutions of this ``carbonproblem'' have been investigated. A possible solution is that classicalmodel atmospheres are far from adequate descriptions of supergiants suchas the R CrB stars. We can also not exclude completely, however, thepossibility that the gf-values for the C i lines are in error. This issupported by the fact that the C ii, [C i] and C_2 lines are reproducedby the models with no apparent complications. In spite of the carbonproblem, various tests suggest that abundance ratios are little affectedby the uncertainties. Judging by chemical composition, the R CrB starscan be divided into a homogeneous majority group and a diverse minority,which is characterized by extreme abundance ratios, in particular asregards Si/Fe and S/Fe. All stars show evidence of H- and He-burning indifferent episodes as well as mild s-process enhancements. Four of themajority members are Li-rich, while overabundances of Na, Al, Si and Sare attributes of all stars. An anti-correlation found between the H andFe abundances of H-deficient stars remains unexplained. These enigmaticstars are believed to be born-again giants, formed either through afinal He-shell flash in a post-AGB star or through a merger of two whitedwarfs. Owing to a lack of theoretical predictions of the resultingchemical compositions, identification of the majority and minoritygroups with the two scenarios is unfortunately only preliminary.Furthermore, Sakurai's object and V854Cen exhibit aspects of both majority and minority groups,which may suggest that the division into two groups is too simplistic.
| From OAO2 to HST. A quarter of a century of ultraviolet astronomy.
Not Available
| A Second Catalog of Orbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 Filter Photometry: Ultraviolet Photometry of 614 Stars
Ultraviolet photometry from the Wisconsin Experiment Package on theOrbiting Astronomical Observatory 2 (OAO 2) is presented for 614 stars.Previously unpublished magnitudes from 12 filter bandpasses withwavelengths ranging from 1330 to 4250 Å have been placed on thewhite dwarf model atmosphere absolute flux scale. The fluxes wereconverted to magnitudes using V=0 for F(V)=3.46x10^-9 ergs cm^-2 s^-1Å^-1, or m_lambda=-2.5logF_lambda-21.15. This second catalogeffectively doubles the amount of OAO 2 photometry available in theliterature and includes many objects too bright to be observed withmodern space observatories.
| History of the chemical evolution of the primary component of the binary system upsilon Sagittarius.
Not Available
| Radio observations of IRAS-selected Southern hemisphere classical Be stars
We present the first radio observations of a sample of 13 optically andIR-bright Southern hemisphere classical Be stars made from theAustralian Telescope Compact Array at 3.5 and 6.3 cm simultaneously. Onestar, delta Cen, was detected at 3.5 cm, and a second, mu Cen, was alsothought to have been detected; further observations of this source arerequired to confirm this detection. No sources were detected at 6.3 cm,although delta Cen was previously detected at this wavelength by otherobservers at a higher flux than our detection limit. The radioobservations show that the spectral energy distribution undergoes aturnover between the far-IR and radio wavelengths, as was seen inprevious studies. Likewise we find no simple correlation between far-IRand radio flux. Lower limits to the outer disc radius were found to beof the order of a few hundred solar radii i.e. of the order of thosefound previously by Taylor et al.
| The Spectroscopic Orbit of the Evolved Binary HD 197770
We have used spectra taken between 1992 and 1997 to derive thespectroscopic orbit of the eclipsing double-lined spectroscopic binaryHD 197770. This binary has a period of 99.69 +/- 0.02 days and Kamplitudes of 31.2 +/- 0.8 and 47.1 +/- 0.4 km s^-1 for components A andB, respectively. The m sin^3 i values for A and B are 2.9 and 1.9,respectively, and are close to the actual masses because of theeclipsing nature of this binary. Both components of HD 197770 havespectral types near B2 III. This means that both components areundermassive by about a factor of 5 and, thus, are evolved stars.Additional evidence of the evolved nature of HD 197770 is found in 25,60, and 100 μm IRAS images of HD 197770. These images show twoapparent shells centered on HD 197770, a bright 60 μm shell with a28' diameter and a larger (0.8d diameter) bubble-like feature. At leastone of the components of HD 197770 is likely to be a post-asymptoticgiant branch star.
| Massive stars
We describe the present state of massive star research seen from theviewpoint of stellar evolution, with special emphasis on close binaries.Statistics of massive close binaries are reasonably complete for theSolar neighbourhood. We defend the thesis that within our knowledge,many scientific results where the effects of binaries are not included,have an academic value, but may be far from reality. In chapter I, wesummarize general observations of massive stars where we focus on the HRdiagram, stellar wind mass loss rates, the stellar surface chemistry,rotation, circumstellar environments, supernovae. Close binaries can notbe studied separately from single stars and vice versa. First, theevolution of single stars is discussed (chapter I). We refer to newcalculations with updated stellar wind mass loss rate formalisms andconclusions are proposed resulting from a comparison with representativeobservations. Massive binaries are considered in chapter II. Basicprocesses are briefly described, i.e. the Roche lobe overflow and masstransfer, the common envelope process, the spiral-in process in binarieswith extreme mass ratio, the effects of mass accretion and the mergingprocess, the implications of the (asymmetric) supernova explosion of oneof the components on the orbital parameters of the binary. Evolutionarycomputations of interacting close binaries are discussed and generalconclusions are drawn. The enormous amount of observational data ofmassive binaries is summarized. We separately consider the non-evolvedand evolved systems. The latter class includes the semi-detached andcontact binaries, the WR binaries, the X-ray binaries, the runaways, thesingle and binary pulsars. A general comparison between theoreticalevolution and observations is combined with a discussion of speciallyinteresting binaries: the evolved binaries HD 163181, HD 12323, HD14633, HD 193516, HD 25638, HD 209481, Φ Per and silon Sgr; theWR+OB binary V444 Cyg; the high mass X-ray binaries Vela X-1, Wray 977,Cyg X-1; the low mass X-ray binaries Her X-1 and those with a black holecandidate; the runaway ζ Pup, the WR+compact companion candidatesCyg X-3, HD 50896 and HD 197406. We finally propose an overallevolutionary model of massive close binaries as a function of primarymass, mass ratio and orbital period. Chapter III deals with massive starpopulation synthesis with a realistic population of binaries. We discussthe massive close binary frequency, mass ratio and period distribution,the observations that allow to constrain possible asymmetries during thesupernova explosion of a massive star. We focuss on the comparisonbetween observed star numbers (as a function of metallicity) andtheoretically predicted numbers of stellar populations in regions ofcontinuous star formation and in starburst regions. Special attention isgiven to the O-type star/WR star/red supergiant star population, thepulsar and binary pulsar population, the supernova rates.
| The Tokyo PMC catalog 90-93: Catalog of positions of 6649 stars observed in 1990 through 1993 with Tokyo photoelectric meridian circle
The sixth annual catalog of the Tokyo Photoelectric Meridian Circle(PMC) is presented for 6649 stars which were observed at least two timesin January 1990 through March 1993. The mean positions of the starsobserved are given in the catalog at the corresponding mean epochs ofobservations of individual stars. The coordinates of the catalog arebased on the FK5 system, and referred to the equinox and equator ofJ2000.0. The mean local deviations of the observed positions from theFK5 catalog positions are constructed for the basic FK5 stars to comparewith those of the Tokyo PMC Catalog 89 and preliminary Hipparcos resultsof H30.
| Evolution of chemical composition of the main component in the binary system upsilon Sagittarius.
Not Available
| Classification and Identification of IRAS Sources with Low-Resolution Spectra
IRAS low-resolution spectra were extracted for 11,224 IRAS sources.These spectra were classified into astrophysical classes, based on thepresence of emission and absorption features and on the shape of thecontinuum. Counterparts of these IRAS sources in existing optical andinfrared catalogs are identified, and their optical spectral types arelisted if they are known. The correlations between thephotospheric/optical and circumstellar/infrared classification arediscussed.
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Observation and Astrometry data
| Constellation: | Sagittarius |
| Right ascension: | 19h21m43.62s |
| Declination: | -15°57'18.1" |
| Apparent magnitude: | 4.573 |
| Proper motion RA: | 2 |
| Proper motion Dec: | -5.9 |
| B-T magnitude: | 4.644 |
| V-T magnitude: | 4.579 |
Catalogs and designations:
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